A Case Study is a particular method of qualitative research. Rather than using large samples and following a rigid protocol to examine a limited number of variables, case study methods involve an in-depth, longitudinal examination of a single instance or event: a case. They provide a systematic way of looking at events, collecting data, analyzing information, and reporting the results.
As a result the researcher may gain a sharpened understanding of why the instance happened as it did, and what might become important to look at more extensively in future research. Case studies lend themselves especially to generating (rather than testing) hypotheses.
Readings
Accounting, Finance and Economics Accountancy (profession) or accounting (methodology) is the measurement, disclosure or provision of assurance about financial information primarily used by managers, investors, tax authorities and other decision makers to make resource allocation decisions within companies, organizations, and public agencies. The terms derive from the use of financial accounts. Accounting is also widely referred to as the "language of business".
Financial accounting is one branch of accounting and historically has involved processes by which financial information about a business is recorded, classified, summarized, interpreted, and communicated; for public companies, this information is generally publicly-accessible. By contrast management accounting information is used within an organization and is usually confidential and accessible only to a small group, mostly decision-makers. Tax Accounting is the accounting needed to comply with jurisdictional tax regulations. Practitioners of accountancy are known as accountants. There are many professional bodies for accountants throughout the world. Many allow their members to use titles indicating their membership or qualification level. Examples are Chartered Certified Accountant (ACCA or FCCA), Chartered Accountant (FCA, CA or ACA), Management Accountant (ACMA, FCMA or AICWA), Certified Public Accountant (CPA) and Certified General Accountant (CGA). Auditing is a related but separate discipline, with two sub-disciplines: internal auditing and external auditing. External auditing is the process whereby an independent auditor examines an organization's financial statements and accounting records in order to express an opinion as to the truth and fairness of the statements and the accountant's adherence to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), or International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), in all material respects. Internal auditing aims at providing information for management usage, and is typically carried out by auditors employed by the company, and sometimes by external service providers. Accounting/accountancy attempts to create accurate financial reports that are useful to managers, regulators, and other stakeholders such as shareholders, creditors, or owners. The day-to-day record-keeping involved in this process is known as bookkeeping. Accounting scholarship is the academic discipline which studies accounting/accountancy.
Education encompasses teaching and learning specific skills, and also something less tangible but more profound: the imparting of knowledge, positive judgement and well-developed wisdom. Education has as one of its fundamental aspects the imparting of culture from generation to generation (see socialization). Education means 'to draw out', facilitating realisation of self-potential and latent talents of an individual. It is an application of pedagogy, a body of theoretical and applied research relating to teaching and learning and draws on many disciplines such as psychology, philosophy, computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, sociology and anthropology. [1]
The education of an individual human begins at birth and continues throughout life. (Some believe that education begins even before birth, as evidenced by some parents' playing music or reading to the baby in the womb in the hope it will influence the child's development.) For some, the struggles and triumphs of daily life provide far more instruction than does formal schooling (thus Mark Twain's admonition to "never let school interfere with your education"). Family members may have a profound educational effect — often more profound than they realize — though family teaching may function very informally.
Information Systems is the study of the information technology (IT) in the modern organization in order to understand the context of technology in a corporation.
Two Case Studies Motivating Efficiency as a "Spendable" Quantity AbstractTwo software development cases are examined for how much use was made of people whose work was not the speed-limiting factor in the overall output of the organization. In one case, those people did extra work to simplify the work of the people at the bottleneck stations. In the other, they performed strategic rework that reduced rework needed in the bottleneck group. In both of these cases, the choice was made not to reduce the staff at those non-bottleneck stations but to make use of their extra capacity, to "spend" their efficiency it in a strategic way. In this paper, five strategies for spending efficiency are described, two from the case studies, two from the literature, and one from a thought experiment that is easy to match to real situations. The way in which efficiency should be spent in any given situation differs according to situation. Although the cases studied here are of software development, similar examples can be found in even non-design activities. People and Methodologies in Software Development Abstract This thesis reports on research performed over a ten-year period, interviewing project teams, participating directly on projects, and reviewing proposals and case studies. The research addressed three questions relating to people and software development methodologies (Q1 through Q3), and produced six results (R1 through R6).
The answers are:
These results have been used successfully on several industrial projects having the usual time and cost pressures on the staff.
Strategic Management is the process of specifying an organization's objectives, developing policies and plans to achieve these objectives, and allocating resources to implement the policies and plans to achieve the organization's objectives. It is the highest level of managerial activity, usually formulated and by the Board of directors and performed by an organization's Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and executive team. Strategic management provides overall direction to the enterprise, and is closely related to the field of Organization Studies.
Strategic management is a combination of 1) strategy formulation and 2) strategy implementation. Strategy formulation involves:
This three-step strategy formulation process is sometimes referred to as determining where you are now, determining where you want to go, and then determining how to get there. These three questions are the essence of strategic planning. SWOT Analysis: I/O Economics for the external factors and RBV for the internal factors. Strategy implementation involves:
The Small Business Innovation Research (or SBIR) program is a United States Government program, coordinated by the Small Business Administration, in which a portion of the extramural research budgets of several government agencies are reserved for contracts and grants to small businesses. Started with the passing of the Small Business Innovation Development Act in 1982, the goal of the program is to assist small businesses, providing competitive opportunities and stimulating innovation. For the purposes of the SBIR program, the term "small business" is defined as an American-owned for-profit business with fewer than 500 employees. A similar program, the Small Business Technology Transfer Program (STTR), uses a similar approach to the SBIR program to expand public/private sector partnerships between small businesses and nonprofit U.S. research institutions. Participating Agencies
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